There are three main types of parasites which can cause diseases in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, A predator is an organism which preys upon others. This term was initially used to refer to insects which ate other insects; however, it has now been used to include any animal which eats another.
This predator-prey relationship is also termed as predation. There are four major types of predation: carnivory, herbivory, parasitism, and mutualism McLaughlin, A parasite is an organism which gets nutrients from another organism, called the host. On the other hand, a predator is an organism which preys upon others. There are three main types of parasites which can cause diseases in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
As for predation, there are four major types: carnivory, herbivory, parasitism, and mutualism. A number of parasites, specifically endoparasites, live inside the host such as protozoa and helminths. On the contrary, predators do not live inside other organisms as they feed over their prey from the outside.
Cite APA 7 Brown, g. Difference Between Parasite and Predator. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. Generally, parasites are small in size than the host organism. But, they exhibit higher reproduction rates once they invade the host.
Some of the developmental stages of the parasitic life cycle occur inside the host. Predation: Predation refers to the act of preying of one animal on another animal. Parasitism: Parasitism refers to the practice of living as a parasite on or with another animal or organism.
Predation: Predation occurs between a predator and a prey. Parasitism: Parasitism occurs between a parasite and a host organism. Predation: Predator may have several types of preys. Parasitism: Parasitism is a very specific relationship. Predation: Predation lacks any type of metabolic dependency on the prey.
Parasitism: Parasitism metabolically depends on the host organism. Predation: Predator is generally larger and stronger than the prey. Parasitism: Parasite is smaller than the host organism. Predation: Predator is very active and uses intense physical effort to catch the prey. Parasitism: Parasite is generally passive in its progression. Predation: Predator immediately kills the prey. Parasitism: Parasite does not immediately kill the host organism.
Predation: The life cycles of predator and prey are independent of each other. Parasitism: Parasite requires the host in order to complete its life cycle. Predation: Predation occurs between lion and zebra, fox and rabbit, and bear and fish. Parasitism: Parasitism occurs between mosquito and human, lice on humans, tapeworms in cows, and Cuscuta in plants. Predators catch their prey either by pursuing potential prey or by ambushing them. Organisms that give chase are capable of short bursts of speed.
Those that lie in wait tend to be camouflaged to avoid detection Figure 1. Figure 1: Adaptations to predation A Cheetahs can sustain bursts of speed while chasing prey. B Species that lie in wait for their prey, such as the orchid mantis, are cryptically colored to avoid detection. In a similar manner, prey species exhibit traits that help them avoid detection or capture.
Many, such as leaf insects, moths, a variety of frogs and small lizards, and herbivorous mammals, are cryptically colored to make them more difficult to see. Behaviorally, they freeze after detecting the presence of a predator. This lack of movement helps them better blend in with their background and inhibits the ability of the predator to find them.
But when predators venture too close, prey will take flight, running or flying to escape. When a chase ensues, prey will typically survive if they stay out of reach until the predator tires. Some species buy extra time by distracting the predator. Examples include moths that flash brightly colored hindwings, lizards that drop their tails, and insect larvae that discharge slime.
Such actions surprise the predator and give the prey time a few extra moments to escape. When a predator chases after potential prey, the predator is running for its dinner. The prey is running for its life. If the predator fails to capture the prey, it goes hungry, but it will not experience a large decline in fitness as a result of the interaction. In contrast, if the predator catches the prey, the captured individual loses any future opportunities to reproduce.
In this race, the prey experience strong selective pressure to evolve better adaptations to avoid being eaten. At the same time, predators must capture sufficient food to survive and reproduce, and they too are subjected to selective pressure for traits that allow them to hunt successfully. Over time, this arms race leads to traits that enable prey to better avoid capture, whereas predators become better able to capture prey.
Figure 2: Aposematic coloration Brightly colored animals, such as the red-spotted newt a and monarch butterfly b , warn potential predators against consumption. Such organisms contain toxins. In contrast to the examples provided thus far, some prey exhibit bright coloration. Such aposematic coloration helps prevent predation by signaling to potential predators that the vividly-colored individual is toxic.
Toxins may be manufactured within the body, as with the red-spotted newt, or they may be acquired passively via consumption of toxic plants, as with the monarch butterfly Figure 2. Figure 3: Batesian mimicry Non-toxic Papilio dardanus swallowtail butterfly females occur in a variety of forms, each of which mimics the physical appearance of toxic species.
Not all species that exhibit vivid coloration are truly toxic. Some have evolved patterns and colors that mimic those of toxic species. Examples of such Batesian mimicry include the extraordinarily polymorphic Papilio dardanus swallowtail butterfly in southern Africa and Madagascar Salvato Females of this species occur in a wide variety of physical appearances, nearly all of which mimic distasteful species of the Danaeus and Amauris genera with which they co-occur Figure 3.
In parasitism, an individual organism, the parasite, consumes nutrients from another organism, its host, resulting in a decrease in fitness to the host. In extreme cases, parasites can cause disease in the host organism; in these situations, we refer to them as pathogens.
We divide parasites into two categories: endoparasites, which live inside the body of their hosts, and ectoparasites, which live and feed on the outside of the body of their host. Examples of endoparasites include flukes, tapeworms, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa.
Ectoparasites include ticks and lice, plants, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. Plants and animals typically act as hosts. In most situations, parasites do not kill their hosts. An exception, however, occurs with parasitoids, which blur the line between parasitism and predation.
The best-known parasitoids include several species of wasp, which immobilize — but do not kill — a host by stinging it. After the larvae hatch, they consume the living tissues of the host, eventually killing it Figure 4a. Figure 4: Parasitoidism A parastic wasp stings its prey before laying eggs on or in it a.
The larvae will consume the insect after hatching. The fruiting bodies of entomogenous fungi extend from the insect it consumed b. Spores circulate inside the host, whose body provides the nutrients needed for fungal growth. Eventually, the fungal load becomes too great for the host, and the insect dies Figure 4b.
The major distinguishing difference between parasitoids and predators is that parasitoids feed on living tissue, whereas the predator kills its prey before, or in the process of, consuming it. For all parasites, the host exists as an island of habitat. But the island lives for a finite period of time, and the parasites must find a new host before the existing one dies. Transmission to a new host can happen either directly, or through a vector.
In direct transmission, the parasite moves from one host to another of the same species without an intermediate organism. In vector transmission, an intermediate organism, the vector, transfers the parasite from one host to the next. Figure 5: Complex life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite The life cycle requires both the primary human host and the intermediate Anopheles mosquito host for completion.
Many endoparasites have a complex life cycle that involves two hosts, and the parasite must spend time in both to complete its life cycle. Take, for example, the protozoan parasite Plasmodium , which causes malaria. Plasmodium must spend time in humans and in an Anopheles mosquito to complete its life cycle. The mosquito acts as a vector, transferring Plasmodium from infected humans to uninfected individuals.
Additionally, the mosquito acts as an intermediate host. When a female mosquito ingests blood containing Plasmodium , some of the red blood cells contain gametes eggs and sperm. It is this life stage that can then go on to infect a new human when the mosquito feeds Figure 5. Coley, P. Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, Dawkins, R. Arms races between and within species.
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