Returns the string provided as a first argument after some characters specified in the second argument are translated into a destination set of characters specified in the third argument.
Returns a character expression of the same data type as inputString where characters from the second argument are replaced with the matching characters from third argument. A single value in the characters parameter, can replace multiple characters in inputString. GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures. The following query replaces square and curly braces in input with regular braces:. All Bs would be replaced by O.
All Bs would be replaced by Os. Replace and Translate both works with three argument replace arg1,arg2,arg3 translate arg1,arg2,arg3 the inbuilt function "Replace" replace the arg2 with arg3.
Profile Answers by sandip Translate does character by character substitution, where replace can substitute a singele character with a word. Profile Answers by zahar. For example: replace 'tech', '' ; would return 'tech' replace 'tech', '' ; would return 'tech' replace 'tech', '2', '3' ; would return 'tech' :: extact one to one matching of character string like '' or 'abc' replacement character is not needed.
Please Turn OFF your ad blocker. Learn More. First Prev Next Last. You can use parentheses in an expression to override operator precedence. Oracle evaluates expressions inside parentheses before evaluating those outside.
All set operators have equal precedence. You can use an arithmetic operator in an expression to negate, add, subtract, multiply, and divide numeric values. The result of the operation is also a numeric value. Some of these operators are also used in date arithmetic. Table lists arithmetic operators. These are unary operators. These are binary operators. Do not use two consecutive minus signs with no separation -- in arithmetic expressions to indicate double negation or the subtraction of a negative value.
The characters -- are used to begin comments within SQL statements. You should separate consecutive minus signs with a space or a parenthesis. For more information on comments within SQL statements, see "Comments". The concatenation operator manipulates character strings. Table describes the concatenation operator. The result of concatenating two character strings is another character string. Trailing blanks in character strings are preserved by concatenation, regardless of the strings' datatypes.
On most platforms, the concatenation operator is two solid vertical bars, as shown in Table However, some IBM platforms use broken vertical bars for this operator. Oracle provides the CONCAT character function as an alternative to the vertical bar operator for cases when it is difficult or impossible to control translation performed by operating system or network utilities. Use this function in applications that will be moved between environments with differing character sets.
Although Oracle treats zero-length character strings as nulls, concatenating a zero-length character string with another operand always results in the other operand, so null can result only from the concatenation of two null strings. However, this may not continue to be true in future versions of Oracle. To concatenate an expression that might be null, use the NVL function to explicitly convert the expression to a zero-length string.
Comparison operators compare one expression with another. For information on conditions, see "Conditions". Table lists comparison operators. Some forms of the inequality operator may be unavailable on some platforms. Evaluates to TRUE if the query returns no rows. This is the only operator that you should use to test for nulls.
See "Nulls". For example, the following statement returns the string 'TRUE' for each row:. Because all conditions that compare a null result in a null, the entire expression results in a null. The LIKE operator is used in character string comparisons with pattern matching. The syntax for a condition using the LIKE operator is shown in this diagram:. If you wish to search for strings containing an escape character, you must specify this character twice.
Note that blank padding is not used for LIKE comparisons. With the LIKE operator, you can compare a value to a pattern rather than to a constant. The pattern can only appear after the LIKE keyword. For example, you can issue the following query to find the salaries of all employees with names beginning with 'SM':.
Patterns usually use special characters that Oracle matches with different characters in the value:. In this case, Oracle can scan the index by this leading character. This causes Oracle to interpret the underscore literally, rather than as a special pattern matching character.
V is not blank-padded and has length 4. A logical operator combines the results of two component conditions to produce a single result based on them or to invert the result of a single condition. Table lists logical operators. Table shows the result of applying the NOT operator to a condition. Table shows the results of combining two expressions with AND. Table shows the results of combining two expressions with OR. Set operators combine the results of two component queries into a single result.
Queries containing set operators are called compound queries. Table lists SQL set operators. If a SQL statement contains multiple set operators, Oracle evaluates them from the left to right if no parentheses explicitly specify another order. The corresponding expressions in the select lists of the component queries of a compound query must match in number and datatype.
If component queries select character data, the datatype of the return values are determined as follows:. The following statement combines the results with the UNION operator, which eliminates duplicate selected rows. This statement shows how datatype must match when columns do not exist in one or the other table:. The following statement combines results with the MINUS operator, which returns only rows returned by the first query but not by the second:.
Table lists other SQL operators. See "Outer Joins". See "Hierarchical Queries". A SQL function is similar to an operator in that it manipulates data items and returns a result. SQL functions differ from operators in the format in which they appear with their arguments. This format allows them to operate on zero, one, two, or more arguments:. If you call a SQL function with an argument of a datatype other than the datatype expected by the SQL function, Oracle implicitly converts the argument to the expected datatype before performing the SQL function.
See "Data Conversion". User functions are described in "User Functions". In the syntax diagrams for SQL functions, arguments are indicated with their datatypes following the conventions described in "Syntax Diagrams and Notation" in the Preface of this reference.
The two types of SQL functions differ in the number of rows upon which they act. A single-row function returns a single result row for every row of a queried table or view; a group function returns a single result row for a group of queried rows. Oracle applies the group functions in the select list to each group of rows and returns a single result row for each group. You use group functions in the HAVING clause to eliminate groups from the output based on the results of the group functions, rather than on the values of the individual rows of the queried table or view.
In the sections that follow, functions are grouped by the datatypes of their arguments and return values. Number functions accept numeric input and return numeric values. This section lists the SQL number functions. Most of these functions return values that are accurate to 38 decimal digits. Purpose Returns the absolute value of n. Inputs are in the range of -1 to 1, and outputs are in the range of 0 to and are expressed in radians. Inputs are in an unbounded range, and outputs are in the range of - to , depending on the signs of n and m, and are expressed in radians.
The base m can be any positive number other than 0 or 1 and n can be any positive number. Returns m if n is 0. The classical modulus can be expressed using the MOD function with this formula:. The following statement illustrates the difference between the MOD function and the classical modulus:.
Purpose Returns m raised to the n th power. The base m and the exponent n can be any numbers, but if m is negative, n must be an integer. The value n cannot be negative. SQRT returns a "real" result.
This section lists character functions that return character values. Functions that return values of datatype CHAR are limited in length to bytes. If the length of the return value exceeds the limit, Oracle truncates it and returns the result without an error message.
This function is equivalent to the concatenation operator. For information on this operator, see "Concatenation Operator". Example This example uses nesting to concatenate three character strings:. Purpose Returns char , with the first letter of each word in uppercase, all other letters in lowercase.
Words are delimited by white space or characters that are not alphanumeric. If char1 is longer than n , this function returns the portion of char1 that fits in n. The argument n is the total length of the return value as it is displayed on your terminal screen. In most character sets, this is also the number of characters in the return value. However, in some multibyte character sets, the display length of a character string can differ from the number of characters in the string.
Oracle begins scanning char from its first character and removes all characters that appear in set until reaching a character not in set and then returns the result. The value of ' nlsparams ' can have this form:. The linguistic sort sequence handles special linguistic requirements for case conversions. Note that these requirements can result in a return value of a different length than the char.
If you omit ' nlsparams ', this function uses the default sort sequence for your session. For information on sort sequences, see Oracle8 Reference. This function allows you to compare words that are spelled differently, but sound alike in English.
Knuth, as follows:. Retain the first letter of the string and remove all other occurrences of the following letters: a, e, h, i, o, u, w, y. Return the first four bytes padded with 0. If m is 0, it is treated as 1. If m is positive, Oracle counts from the beginning of char to find the first character.
If m is negative, Oracle counts backwards from the end of char. If n is omitted, Oracle returns all characters to the end of char. If n is less than 1, a null is returned. Floating-point numbers passed as arguments to substr are automatically converted to integers.
Floating-point numbers passed as arguments to substrb are automatically converted to integers. Example Assume a double-byte database character set:. Characters in char that are not in from are not replaced. The argument from can contain more characters than to. In this case, the extra characters at the end of from have no corresponding characters in to. If these extra characters appear in char , they are removed from the return value. You cannot use an empty string for to to remove all characters in from from the return value.
Oracle interprets the empty string as null, and if this function has a null argument, it returns null. Example 1 The following statement translates a license number. All letters 'ABC Z' are translated to 'X' and all digits ' The return value has the same datatype as the argument char.
If n is negative, Oracle counts and searches backward from the end of char1. The value of m must be positive.
The default values of both n and m are 1, meaning Oracle begins searching at the first character of char1 for the first occurrence of char2. The return value is relative to the beginning of char1 , regardless of the value of n , and is expressed in characters.
If the search is unsuccessful if char2 does not appear m times after the n th character of char1 the return value is 0. Example This example assumes a double-byte database character set. If char has datatype CHAR, the length includes all trailing blanks. If char is null, this function returns null. The value of ' nlsparams ' can have the form. For information on sort sequences, see the discussions of national language support in Oracle8 Reference.
Example This function can be used to specify comparisons based on a linguistic sort sequence rather on the binary value of a string:. Date functions operate on values of the DATE datatype. The argument n can be any integer. If d is the last day of the month or if the resulting month has fewer days than the day component of d , then the result is the last day of the resulting month. Otherwise, the result has the same day component as d.
You might use this function to determine how many days are left in the current month. If d1 is later than d2 , result is positive; if earlier, negative. If d1 and d2 are either the same days of the month or both last days of months, the result is always an integer; otherwise Oracle calculates the fractional portion of the result based on a day month and considers the difference in time components of d1 and d2.
The arguments z1 and z2 can be any of these text strings:. The argument char must be a day of the week in your session's date language-either the full name or the abbreviation. The minimum number of letters required is the number of letters in the abbreviated version; any characters immediately following the valid abbreviation are ignored. The return value has the same hours, minutes, and seconds component as the argument d.
Example This example returns the date of the next Tuesday after March 15, If you omit fmt , d is rounded to the nearest day. Requires no arguments. In distributed SQL statements, this function returns the date and time on your local database. If you omit fmt , d is truncated to the nearest day. The default model, 'DD', returns the date rounded or truncated to the day with a time of midnight. W Same day of the week as the first day of the month.
For information on this parameter, see Oracle8 Reference. Conversion functions convert a value from one datatype to another. Generally, the form of the function names follows the convention datatype TO datatype. The first datatype is the input datatype; the last datatype is the output datatype. This section lists the SQL conversion functions.
The default value is the database character set. Both the destination and source character set arguments can be either literals or columns containing the name of the character set.
For complete correspondence in character conversion, it is essential that the destination character set contains a representation of all the characters defined in the source character set. Where a character does not exist in the destination character set, a replacement character appears.
Replacement characters can be defined as part of a character set definition. The result of this conversion is always 18 characters long. For information on date formats, see "Format Models". The ' nlsparams ' specifies the language in which month and day names and abbreviations are returned. This argument can have this form:. If you omit nlsparams , this function uses the default date language for your session. For information on number formats, see "Format Models". The ' nlsparams ' specifies these characters that are returned by number format elements:.
The characters d and g represent the decimal character and group separator, respectively. They must be different single-byte characters. Note that within the quoted string, you must use two single quotation marks around the parameter values. Ten characters are available for the currency symbol. If you omit ' nlsparams ' or any one of the parameters, this function uses the default parameter values for your session. Example 1 In this example, the output is blank padded to the left of the currency symbol.
Notes : In the optional number format fmt , L designates local currency symbol and MI designates a trailing minus sign. See Table for a complete listing of number format elements. The fmt is a date format specifying the format of char. If you omit fmt , char must be in the default date format. If fmt is 'J', for Julian, then char must be an integer. The returned DATE value can have a different century value than the original char , depending on fmt or the default date format. For information on date formats, see "Date Format Models".
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